Poles of Pittsburgh and Western Pennsylvania months[6] = " The Siteseen network is dedicated to producing unique, informative websites on a whole host of educational subjects. The USCIS Genealogy Program is a fee-for-service program that provides researchers with timely access to historical immigration and naturalization records of deceased immigrants. "; Two of the towns in Harford County now form the Whiteford-Cardiff Historic District. [7], The proportion of the population with a name of Welsh origin ranges from 9.5% in South Carolina to 1.1% in North Dakota. These settlers are well-documented. dn. From 1881 to 1920 a Welsh immigrants to America totaled 53,768 - a miniscule amount compared to the millions of other immigrants. In Pursuit of the Quarry: Pennsylvania's Slate Belt Brown, Lothrop publishing, page 23. Many Welsh people found a sense of belonging by joining the St. David's Society of Pittsburgh as early as 1882. Welsh Immigration to America Facts Sheet and Timeline, Fact 1 - 784: King Offa built Offa's Dyke as a boundary between England and Wales, Fact 2 - 1169: According to legend Prince Madoc of Gwynedd, landed in Alabama and traveled up the Missouri. After 1682, English and Welsh settlers from Pennsylvania moved into Maryland and Virginia. The first settlers arrived at Nancy's Branch in Scott County in September, 1856. Knowles, Anne Kelly. The Welsh moved into what had been the Irish settlement of Mahoningtown. In the late 17th century, there was significant Welsh immigration to Pennsylvania for religious and cultural reasons. Whereas divers considerable persons among ye Welsh Friends have requested me yt all ye Lands Purchased of me by those of North Wales and South Wales, together with ye adjacent counties to ym, as Haverfordshire, Shropshire and Cheshire, about fourty thousand acres, may be layd out contiguously as one Barony, alledging yt ye number allready come and suddenly to come, are such as will be capable of planting ye same much wth in ye proportion allowed by ye custom of ye country, & so not lye in large useless vacancies. [25] Also according to Ap Dewi, "The first eisteddfod in the State of Minnesota was held in Judson in the house of Wm. Many Quakers from Wales emigrated to Pennsylvania in the 17th century with a promise from William Penn that they would be allowed to set up a Welsh colony there. [citation needed]. Email. While the title of this page is The Welsh Colonization of Pennsylvaniathere was never a colony in the formal sense, rather in both cases the Welsh sought to create semi-autonomous settlements within the larger colony (commonwealth by the time of the second attempt) of Pennsylvania. Delaware and the Carolinas also have Welsh roots, and a party of Jackson County, Ohio, is called Little Wales. Before 1890, Wales was the world's leading producer of tinplate, especially as used for canned foods. "; Then the wave of Welsh immigration decreased. History of Welsh Immigration to America: Who are the Welsh?This article contains interesting facts, statistics and the history of Welsh Immigration to America. History of Luzerne County | Luzerne County, PA The Madog legend attained its greatest prominence during the Elizabethan era when Welsh and English writers used it bolster British claims in the New World versus those of Spain. He eventually landed near the Mississippi River and founded a colony, which later mingled with the Native Americans. <> Pennsylvania Maritime History and Shipbuilding during the 1800s. The I would love help with this too - sorting out the MANY Llewellyn Davis's who are part of that group, along with the supposed Davis (or David) brothers: Thomas, James, etc., and WHO THEIR PARENTS WERE?? The school was founded in 1741 by Francis Alison, who eventually took a . Could part of the problem be the repeated, The family of William Carver, 1682 emigrant from Herefordshire to Pennsylvania. From 1815 to 1850 Canada was the one of the primary destinations of Welsh emigrants. Daniel Morgan (17361802) was a Brigadier General during the American Revolution. [32], After the Eastern European people, the Welsh people represents a significant minority there. On a smaller scale, many states across the country hold regular Welsh Society meetings. Also refer to Examples of PUSH and PULL Factors of Welsh Immigration. The Welsh Tract's boundaries were established in 1687, but notwithstanding the prior agreement, by the 1690s the land had already been partitioned among different counties, despite appeals from the Welsh settlers, and the Tract never gained self-government.[3]. months[7] = " This website is produced by the Siteseen network that specializes in producing free informative websites on a diverse range of topics. "; Beginning in the 1840s, many skilled iron workers and coal miners emigrated from Wales. Contact Us. Of the original buildings of the Iron Works where Welsh immigrants worked, only the structure housing the restaurant 'The Foundry' remains. In some areas, this project may overlap with The Tapestry project. Numerous Welsh immigrants settled in the town of Freedom and surrounding townships in Cattaraugus County in southwestern New York during the 19th century. History of Welsh Immigration to America in the 1600's: Colonial AmericaWelsh Immigration to America dates back to Colonial times - at least one the Mayflower pilgrims claimed Welsh descent. It takes a material culture approach, assuming that physical objects are invested with meaning by the people who make or use them, and seeks the material manifestations of Welsh identity in Delta, Pennsylvania, and the areas that constitute the Peach . It is located to the west of Philadelphia. C. Williams in 1864. Before 1836 only Cape Province had white settlements. Goronwy Owen, an Anglican Vicar born at Y Dafarn Goch, in the parish of Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf in Anglesey and whose contribution to Welsh poetry is most responsible for the subsequent Welsh eighteenth century Renaissance,[13] emigrated to Williamsburg, in the Colony of Virginia. The earliest surviving full account of Madoc's voyage, as the first to make the claim that Madoc had come to America, appears in Humphrey Llwyd 1559 Cronica Walliae, an English adaptation of the Brut y Tywysogion. It began largely as a Welsh Mormon settlement and lays claim to having more people of Welsh descent per capita than anywhere outside Wales. The Peoples of Pennsylvania Pamphlet No. The parties agreed on a tract covering 40,000 acres (160km2), to be constituted as a separate county whose people and government could conduct their affairs in Welsh. For several decades after this, many Welsh nonconformists immigrated to Pennsylvania. Scots Irish (Scotch Irish) - Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia The best known of the Welsh colonies, the colony in the Chubut Valley of Patagonia known as Y Wladfa Gymreig ("The Welsh Colony"), was established in 1865 when 153 settlers landed at what is now Puerto Madryn. "; History of Welsh Immigration to America in the 1800's: Migrants from Llanbrynmair, Powys, Mid WalesWelsh Immigration to America witnessed a wave of settlers in the 1850's from Llanbrynmair led by the Reverend Samuel Roberts (1800 - 1885 ), who acquired land for a Welsh colony in Tennessee. [15], According to The Minnesota Ethnic Food Book, "Early Welsh immigrants settled in the Minnesota River valley in 1853; Blue Earth, Nicollete, and Le Sueur counties were the nucleus of a rural community that reached west into Brown County. In the late 17th century, there was significant Welsh immigration to Pennsylvania for religious and cultural reasons. [33] Notably, the choir of the church sang in the 1941 film How Green Was My Valley. In about 1681, a group of Welsh Quakers met with William Penn to secure a grant of land in which they could conduct their affairs in their own language. John Myles (c. 1621-1683) became the founder of the first Baptist church in Wales in 1649. Movements within the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales) and also the Isle of Man and Channel Islands, to the colonies required no documents. NEW CASTLE, Pa. - The intersection of Washington and Jefferson streets in the center of downtown New Castle, Pa., is known as Kennedy Square. At the tail end of the 18th century, another attempt at a Welsh settlement was made. <> Immigration Records Available [ edit | edit source] In the 19th century, thousands of immigrants left Wales to seek a better life in North America, settling in significant numbers in New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. Welsh immigrants to Pennsylvania 1682 +8 votes 381 views I've been working with the Pennsylvania Settlers project creating profiles for the immigrants that came to Pennsylvania in 1681 and 1682 with William Penn. When one thinks about the groups that settled Pennsylvania, he immediately thinks of the Pennsylvania Dutch and English who dominated the state east of the Susquehanna and the Scots-Irish who settled the Alleghenies. These Welsh families settled in an area now known as Mechanicsville, and part of the city of Knoxville. History of Welsh Immigration to America in the 1700's: Signers of the Declaration of IndependenceWelsh Immigration to America saw descendents who bravely fought in the American War of Independence and some also signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. See Wales Church Records and Wales Land and Property. The American War of Independence (1775 - 1783) erupted and many Welsh Americans fought in the American Revolutionary War. During this period the towns retained a Welsh ethnic identity, although their architecture evolved from the traditional Welsh cottage form to contemporary American. var months = new Array(12); PDF Early Welsh Immigration to Pennsylvania - Bangor Episcopal Church Beyond red dragons on street signs: cultural expression among the Welsh [citation needed], After the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux was signed by the Dakota people in 1851, Welsh-speaking pioneers from Wisconsin and Ohio settled much of what is now Le Sueur and Blue Earth Counties, in Minnesota. Copies of most pre-1900 records are at the FamilySearch Library. [35], Santa Monica, California was named one of the most British towns in America due to its commerce and British migrants who came during a post World War II boom in factory production, many of whom were Welsh. Yet, the Welsh who were briefly the largest ethnic group in Pennsylvania are rarely given the recognition of their significance in Pennsylvanias history. Newark Academy at the corner of Main Street and Academy Street. The Settlement of Cambria County: At the tail end of the 18th century, another attempt at a Welsh settlement was made. Celebrating Newark's Founding and Development - News in RC Ostergren and TR Vale, eds., Schlenther, Boyd Stanley. 1 0 obj (*#FgQ$U@rJRivS { !u|b QDZHayZ,$1F[yEZ'kQMtRu~>le83Alv#vwv=>HTeJ+Bw&emfgC6S8e$!}",u*&l7w_4Y]?\(M)*Mv ]C7SMVTL zU;:-{ Once you have traced your family back to a Welsh emigrant, you must determine the parish he or she was from. PHMC After this time conflicts frequently erupted between the English and the Welsh. Descendents of the voyagers were referred to as Welsh Indians, who were connected with the Mandan Native American Indian tribe. By the mid-nineteenth century, Malad City, Idaho was established. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Welsh immigrants, particularly those of the Baptist, Methodist, or Quaker religions, undertook the 3000 mile journey in search of a better life and the freedom to worship as they chose. In the late 16th century the legend was used by writers such as John Dee to support English claims to North America. In the 2008 U.S. Census community survey, an estimated 1.98 million Americans had Welsh ancestry equivalent to 0.6% of the total population of the United States. months[8] = " Get fast, free facts and information on a whole host of subjects in the Siteseen network of interesting websites. Between 1888 and 2012 the Welsh Presbyterian Church was the center of the Welsh-American community in Los Angeles. These Welsh families settled in an area now known as Mechanicsville, and part of the city of Knoxville. Ultimately, the settlement failed. ", Knowles, Anne Kelly. The Quakers founded the city of "Brotherly Love" (or Phil-Adelphia).. Philadelphia was the first planned, and surveyed city in the western hemisphere. In the following year, Lorin Morgan-Richards established the annual Los Angeles St. David's Day Festival which sparked a cultural resurgence in the city and the formation of the Welsh League of Southern California in 2014. The annual Los Angeles St. David's Day Festival, celebrates Welsh heritage through performance, workshops, and outdoor marketplace. The list gives name, age, occupation, nationality, birth place and destination. It and East Nantmeal Township were originally part of a single Nantmeal Township, which was divided in 1739. There are locations that seem to have been, at one point of time or another, in the following counties: Philadelphia, Chester, Montgomery, Schuylkill.I can find some marriage records, but no birth records at all, even into the 1830's. After 1890 they are arranged chronologically by port of departure. The 1717 law established a convict bond service as a form of punishment for various offences. Some records are indexed. I've found branches of several families of already started on wikitree, but several are pretty tangled. In 1795 Welsh immigrants settled in the village of Remsen, New York where their families flourished as dairy farmers. Beauregard, U.S. Vice President Hubert Humphrey and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton are also of Welsh heritage. Journey Through Hazardous Waters: Migration to Italy, Voting With Their Feet The Story of Migration from East to West, Contemporary Syrian Migration: How Sectarian Divides, Institutional Disorder, and a Weakened State in Middle Eastern Countries Helped Fuel the Rise of ISIS and Drive Contemporary Syrian Migration, The Welsh Colonization of Pennsylvania. Push and Pull Factors of Welsh Immigration to America for kids For specific examples and a list of political, economic, environmental and social reasons and push and pull factors of Welsh Immigration to America refer to: Push and Pull Factors of Welsh Immigration. Welsh Immigration - Spartacus Educational [29], Some 2,000 immigrants from Wales and another nearly 6,000 second-generation Welsh became farmers in Kansas, favoring areas close to the towns of Arvonia, Emporia and Bala. It was the heart of the original settlement, founded by John Carlysle Stewart in 1798, and remains the heart of the downtown. Strongly Republican, the Welsh gradually assimilated into the larger society without totally abandoning their own ethnic cultural patterns. Fact 5 - 1620: Jane Powys is one of the Mayflower pilgrims, Fact 6 - 1603: The two kingdoms of Wales and England are united when James VI becomes king, Fact 7 - 1662: John Myles, the founder of the first Baptist church in Wales, established a Welsh settlement in Massachusetts, Fact 8 - 1682: William Penn established Pennsylvania. American migrants demanded the same rights as the British believing their rights and liberties in America were being abused. [39], Mormon missionaries in Wales in the 1840s and 1850s proved persuasive, and many converts emigrated to Utah. To understand the reason for Welsh immigration it helps to have an overview of the history of the people of Wales. Through their industrious habits, they made significant contributions to the colony's development and played a key role in its political, social and economic formation. Los Angeles and San Francisco have attracted Welsh artists and actors in various fields of the arts and entertainment industry. You might find the ship and arrival date in death certificates or published sources. Welsh Quakers were some of the earliest emigrants to Pennsylvania. Immigration to the British Isles was primarily from continental Europe. This page was last edited on 9 December 2022, at 11:26. [citation needed], In 1757, Rev. The majority of the first Welsh migrants were Quakers, whom the British government persecuted because they were dissenters from the Church of England. Greenslade's papers are archived at the National Library of Wales. [38] Celebrities of Welsh heritage Henry Thomas, Ioan Gruffudd, Michael Sheen, along with Richard Burton's and Frank Lloyd Wright's families have all publicly supported the festival. The miners brought organizational skills, exemplified in the United Mine Workers labor union, and its most famous leader John L. Lewis, who was born in a Welsh settlement in Iowa. The Welsh settled in two main waves. Is that the Edward Roberts who's said to have married Anne Humphrey? Anne R. Kaplan, Marjorie's A. Hoover, & Willard B. Moore (1986), Phillips G. Davies, "The Welsh Settlements in Minnesota: The Evidence of the Churches in Blue Earth and Le Sueur Counties,", Phillips G. Davies, "The Welsh in Kansas: Settlement, Contributions and Assimilation,", David Maldwyn Ellisd, "The Assimilation of the Welsh in Central New York,", Bill Jones, and Ronald L. Lewis, "Gender and Transnationality among Welsh Tinplate Workers in Pittsburgh: The Hattie Williams Affair, 1895,", Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Gymanfa Association of the United States and Canada, "American Community Survey - 2019 - 1-Year Estimates - Table B04006", "The Welsh diaspora: Analysis of the geography of Welsh names", "Wales link in US presidential candidate's past", "The Education of a Southern Gentleman: Jefferson Davis", "DNR: Outdoor Indiana - March/April 2011 - Featured Stories", "The Madoc legend lives in Southern Indiana: Documentary makers hope to bring pictures to author's work", "A rank Republican (and) a leveller: William Jones", "Welsh Ancestry Search - Welsh Genealogy by City", "Data Wales: The Welsh and slavery in America", "A Welsh Settlement in Scott County, Tennessee", "BBC News - Welsh church in Los Angeles holds final Sunday service", "The Brit List: The 10 Most British Towns in America", "St. David's Day Festival-National Day of Wales", "Welsh artists to descend on Hollywood this coming St David's Day - Wales World WideWales World Wide", "BBC NEWS - Wales - South West Wales - Tiny US town's big Welsh heritage", "BBC - Mid Wales National Library - Wales - Ohio Project", "The 2013 Los Angeles St David's Festival National Day of Wales - Welsh Icons News", "Occupational Mobility and Social Status: The Welsh Experience in Sharon, Pennsylvania, 18801930", Cardiff Centre for Welsh American Studies, A timeline of the history of Wales and details of some of the communities in the U.S. where Welsh influence is most important, Patterns of Welsh settlement in the United States in the first half of the 20th century, Madog Center for Welsh Studies, University of Rio Grande, Welsh Comings and Goings: The history of migration in and out of Wales. Currently, Welsh immigration to the United States is very low. Welsh: 91.52: Irish: 443: 3.02: TOTAL: 14,687: 100.6: Italian: 264: 1.80: Japanese: 1: Jones. I've found a good source here: Merion in the Welsh Tract by Thomas Allen Glenn, https://archive.org/stream/cu31924010481723. Sir William Vaughan sent Welsh colonists to Renews, Newfoundland in 1617 to establish a permanent colony, which eventually failed. The Welsh language was still spoken in the area well into the 1970s. There were also large numbers in New York state and by 1802 there were Welsh Baptist and Congregational churches in Utica. Welsh Tract - Wikipedia [citation needed], During the Eisteddfod revival of the 1790s, Gwyneddigion Society member William Jones, who had enthusiastically supported the American Revolution and who was arguing for the creation of a National Eisteddfod of Wales, had come to believe that the completely Anglicized Welsh nobility, through rackrenting and their employment of unscrupulous land agents, had forfeited all right to the obedience and respect of their tenants. . Members of St. David's Society of Pittsburgh's Wales-PA Project discuss the history of Welsh immigration to Pennsylvania. The turn of the 20th century brought large numbers of the four most prominent slate quarrying groups- Welsh . Immigration records at the FamilySearch Library are listed in the Place Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under: As there are few English immigration sources, you may need to search the emigration records for your ancestors country of origin. Malad Valley's eisteddfod was an annual cultural arts event held in Malad and Samaria on alternating years. Records were not required for free emigrants to the United States until 1776; Canada before 1865; or Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa until the twentieth century. Convicted Welsh had no choice in this forced type of Welsh Immigration to America but many preferred the option to imprisonment or execution. You may learn your ancestors place of origin by talking to older family members. [36] However, higher cost of living and stricter immigration laws have affected the town once dubbed 'Little Britain'. The area is now part of Montgomery, Chester, and Delaware counties. web pages "'The English are Swallowing up Their Language': Welsh Ethnic Ambivalence in Colonial Pennsylvania and the Experience of David Evans,", Tyler, Robert Llewellyn. Naturalization records in the destination country may be an excellent source for determining your ancestors place of origin. 21,523 Views These lists, which usually give the emigrants name, age, occupation, address, and sometimes destination, are kept at the Public Record Office (see Wales Archives and Libraries for the address). "Home truths: Globalisation and the iconising of Welsh in a Welsh-American newspaper. Search in the Place Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under: To search emigration records effectively, you should know the approximate date of emigration, the name of the ship, the type of or reason for emigration, or the emigrants previous residence in Wales. The first Welsh settlers arrived in the 1790s. (page 257). The McKinley tariff of 1890 raised the duty on tinplate that year, and in response, many entrepreneurs and skilled workers emigrated to the U.S., especially to the Pittsburgh region. Suffering from poor harvests in 1789 and 1802 and dreaming of land ownership, the initial settlement of five Welsh families soon attracted other agricultural migrants, settling Steuben, Utica and Remsen townships. Pennsylvania Year range 1682 - 1776 This project hopes to find information and collect data on some of the primary groups of colonial Pennsylvanian settlers: English Quakers, Welsh Quakers, Germans, and Scotch-Irish families. Welsh settlement in the Americas was the result of several individual initiatives to found distinctively Welsh settlements in the New World. Port records listing the names of departing or arriving passengers are called passenger lists. [28], Also according to The Minnesota Ethnic Food Book, "A profile of the Welsh community in the 1980s seems typical of many American ethnic groups: women of the older generation, aged in their sixties and seventies, maintain what there is of traditional foodways; but the younger generation shows revived interest in its heritage. UTC-4 ( EDT) Area code. Bibliography of Emigrants from Wales and Welsh Immigrants Around the months[2] = " Check out the interesting and diverse websites produced and created by the international publisher in the Siteseen network. Contents 1 General 2 America 2.1 Iowa 2.2 Kansas 2.3 New York 2.4 Ohio 2.5 Pennsylvania More immigration in the 18th century brought the Welsh to a West Pennsylvania area now known as Cambria County. Panelists include David Williams, . Passenger lists into Canada are rare before 1865. The signers of the Declaration of Independence of Welsh ancestry included William Floyd, Button Gwinnett, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris and Robert Morris. Welsh immigrants to Pennsylvania 1682 - WikiTree G2G (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); History of Welsh Immigration to America: The Welsh and the EnglishWales was first ruled by Welsh kings. % Other relatives or a library may have documents naming the place, parish, city, or county, such as: If the individual emigrated after 1 July 1837, you may find the place of origin by using the nationwide indexes to births, marriages, and deaths (see Wales Civil Registration). stream months[0] = " Discover the vast range of useful, leisure and educational websites published by the Siteseen network. months[3] = " Locate all of the popular, fast and interesting websites uniquely created and produced by the Siteseen network. The Barony was never formally created, but the many Welsh settlers gave their communities Welsh names that survive today. History of Welsh Immigration to America: The Discovery of AmericaAccording to legend Welsh Immigration to America dates back to 1169. One area with a strong Welsh influence is an area in Jackson and Gallia counties, Ohio, often known as "Little Cardiganshire". The Welsh sought to create a "colony" in Pennsylvania in which they would be able to practice their faith, speak their language without the influence of the English government. Relations between Wales and America are primarily conducted through the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in addition to his Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Ambassador to the United States. endobj The Life and Public Services of James A. Garfield, 1881, E.E. Probate records may mention emigrant relatives. A particularly large proportion of the African-American population has Welsh surnames. The legend was revived in the 18th century with tales of Welsh-speaking Native Americans, but most modern scholars consider it to have no basis in fact. The following is a short list of notable Welsh artists and actors that have lived and worked in the Los Angeles area: D. W. Griffith, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Richard Burton, Rosemarie Frankland, Michael Sheen, Glynis Johns, Ioan Gruffudd, Ivor Barry, Cate Le Bon, Anthony Hopkins, Tom Jones, Katherine Jenkins, and Terry Nation, among others. History of Welsh Immigration to America: The Welsh and the English, History of Welsh Immigration to America: The Discovery of America, History of Welsh Immigration to America in the 1600's: Colonial America, History of Welsh Immigration to America in the 1600's: Pennsylvania, History of Welsh Immigration to America: Indentured Servants, History of Welsh Immigration to America in the 1700's: Transportation, History of Welsh Immigration to America in the 1700's: The American War of Independence, History of Welsh Immigration to America in the 1700's: Signers of the Declaration of Independence, History of Welsh Immigration to America in the 1800's: Migrants from Llanbrynmair, Powys, Mid Wales, History of Welsh Immigration to America in the 1800's: Welsh Miners, History of Welsh Immigration to America: The Welsh Legacy, Examples of PUSH and PULL Factors of Welsh Immigration. We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us! Yes Andrea, I joined Wikitree hoping that someone else had already figured these guys out!! I picked this up again and found the Gwynedd Friends Meeting History Page (. At the time of the 1982 World's Fair, the building was known as the Strohaus. [42]:75. In the late seventeenth century, there was a large emigration of Welsh Quakers to the Colony of Pennsylvania, where a Welsh Tract was established in the region immediately west of Philadelphia. In its prime the church would average 300 immigrants for Sunday service in Welsh and English. The result was the Welsh-American farming settlement of Cambria, Pennsylvania. While some of the men had been miners in Wales, most seem to have left central and northern Wales looking for land of their own. However, by 1899 the church property was sold. Jackson and Gallia counties in Ohio were settled by Welsh immigrants in the 19th century, many from the Ceredigion area of West Wales. Fact 13 - 1783: The United States of America was created and Welsh migrants referred to themselves as Americans. Specific immigrant groups include refugees from wars (such as the French Revolution) or from religious persecution (such as Huguenots and Jews). It primarily consisted of English, Welsh and Scottish immigrants. 4 0 obj Many Welsh descendants, especially Quakers, migrated to Tennesseeprimarily from Colonial settlements in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolinapre-Statehood (1796) and in the early years of the 19th Century.